Thyroid Nodules

Overview

A thyroid nodule is a lump within the thyroid gland. They are very common, especially with age, and the great majority are benign. Most are found incidentally on an ultrasound done for another reason, or felt as a small lump in the neck. Because a small fraction can be cancerous, every nodule is assessed with ultrasound and, where features warrant it, a fine-needle biopsy — but the typical outcome is reassurance and monitoring.

This page is about nodules. For general gland enlargement, see Goitre / Enlarged Thyroid; for the functional conditions that can coexist, see Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism.

Symptoms and signs

• Usually none — most nodules are small and silent.
• A palpable lump in the neck, sometimes noticed while shaving.
• Pressure or discomfort if the nodule is large.
• Rarely, a “hot” nodule producing excess hormone causes hyperthyroid symptoms.

How nodules are assessed

• TSH and free T4 to check function.
• Thyroid ultrasound — the key test; characterises size and features.
• Fine-needle aspiration biopsy for nodules with suspicious ultrasound features.
• Blood tests for thyroid function and, where relevant, antibodies.

Management

Benign-looking nodules are monitored with periodic ultrasound. Nodules causing hyperthyroidism are treated accordingly. Nodules with suspicious or indeterminate biopsy features are referred for surgery. The vast majority of people need only reassurance and follow-up imaging.

Follow-up

Benign nodules are re-imaged at intervals based on their size and features, often yearly, with repeat biopsy only if they grow or change character.

How we help

Dr. Nayak arranges the appropriate ultrasound and blood tests, interprets the results, coordinates biopsy and surgical referral where needed, and provides a clear monitoring plan for benign nodules. Consultations are available in-clinic in Bhubaneswar and over teleconsultation.

Related conditions and patient concerns

• Goitre / Enlarged Thyroid
• Hyperthyroidism
• Abnormal Thyroid Function Tests
• Thyroid Symptoms
• Preventive Health & Health Check-ups
• Abnormal Test Results